In contrast to the principles of conventional management mentioned as theory x, the advocated theory y illuminated a cluster of new or redefined concepts such as selffulfilling prophecy and responsibility. Although nearly 50 years have passed since mcgregor s initial formulation of theory x and theory y, the. We have appreciated earlier the importance of motivation in determining human behaviour. Theory y managers assume employees can view work as being as natural as rest or play, and therefore the average person can learn to accept, and even seek, responsibility. According to mcgregor, the function of motivating people involves certain assumptions about human nature. Critically evaluate mcgregors theroy x and theory y.
May, 2016 many theorists support that mcgregors theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. There is no evidence to confirm that either set of assumptions is valid. Theory x and theory y was an idea devised by douglas mcgregor in his book. Theory x and theory y, introduced in the book and are known for management and human motivation. This theory divides workers and managers in the organization in two typical groups according to how managers lead their subordinates and respectively how subordinates behave. Mcgregor s theory y matches much of maslows selfactualization level of motivation. Dogan unlucan mcgregor theories x and theory y student. The relationship between mcgregor s xy theory management style and fulfillment of psychological contract.
Theory z was developed by not by mcgregor, but by william ouchi, in his book 1981 theory z. Theory x is the authoritarian management style where the average person dislikes work and will avoid it if heshe can. Mcgregor s theory y matches much of maslows self actualization level of motivation. Mcgregor s ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y biography of douglas mcgregor douglas mcgregor was born on 1906 in detroit, america. Theory x advanced the view that human beings have an innate dislike for work. Theory x and theory y mcgregor s theory x and theory y. Xy theory questionnaire score the statements 5 always, 4 mostly, 3 often, 2 occasionally, 1 rarely, 0 never to indicate whether the situation and management style is x or y. All books are in clear copy here, and all files are secure so dont worry about it.
It is based on the assumption that selfdirection, selfcontrol, and maturity control motivation. He did not imply that workers would be one type or the other. Read online the relationship between mcgregor s xy theory management. Erg theory counters by noting that when a higher order need level is frustrated the individuals desire to increase a lower level need takes place. Mcgregors theory x, y and ouchis z free download as powerpoint presentation. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y essay 847 words 4 pages. Theory z is not a mcgregor idea and as such is not mcgregor s extension of his xy theory.
Mcgregors six assumptions of theory y and his ideas of integrating individual and organization goals are congruent with the main planks in my philosophy of. A historical view of douglas mcgregors theory y emerald. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its impact. Unlimited viewing of the articlechapter pdf and any associated supplements and figures. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype. If you believe that your team members dislike their work and have little motivation, then, according to mcgregor, youll likely use an. In the 1960s, douglas murray mcgregor, a famous mit professor of management wrote a book named the human side of enterprise in which he analyzed the various behaviors of professionals at work. It is based upon the deceptively simple idea that motivation can be dichotomised into hygiene factors and motivation factors and is often referred to as a two need system. Thus, mcgregor s 1960 theory remains highly relevant today and warrants investigation as to the relationship between xa7 attitudes, xa7behaviors, and job performance. Douglas mcgregor theory x theory y pdf download oikos. Therefore most people must be forced with the threat of.
Mcgregors theory is also from are one of those theories that comprise much influence on both the management and the employee. Mcgregors theory x and y douglas mcgregor wrote the book the human side of enterprise in 1960 he examined individuals behaviour at work. Mcgregor himself held to the belief that theory y assumptions were more valid than theory x. Mcclellands need for achievement underlies maslows selfactualization. Features of mcgregor s theory x and theory y of motivation. Venugopalan maslows theory of motivation its relevance and application among nonmanagerial employees of selected public and private sector undertakings in kerala thesis. View the article pdf and any associated supplements and figures for a period of 48 hours.
They can only be made to get results at work by the application of. Douglas mcgregor s landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by questioning fundamental assumptions about human behavior in organizations. Douglas mcgregor s work builds on the work of other behavioral scientists who showed a link between human behavior, motivation, and productivity. The relationship between mcgregors xy theory management.
This theory of motivation is known as a two factor content theory. From this he formulated two models of management based on hierarchy into lowerorder needs theory x and higherorder needs theory y. These theories are based on human behaviour in management. Theory x and theory y are theories of human work motivation and management. Mcgregor holds the opinion that theory x assumptions about organisation, management, and man are obstacles to performance, and productivity. According to mcgregor 1960, the more pessimistic view of human nature theory xwhich he claimed was the predominant perspective in the 1950s, was based on three assumptions. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregors the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be more effective than what he considered thencurrent management assumptions theory x. Mcgregors ideas about theory x and theory y were first articulated in his article. While mcgregor s theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory. In 1960, douglas mcgregor formulated theory x and theory y suggesting two aspects of human behaviour at work, or in other words, two different views of individuals employees. Reward systems must correspond to intrinsic factors if employees are to be motivated. Conversely, mcgregor saw theory y managers as those that hold assumptions that.
Inability to satisfy a need for social interaction, for instance, might increase the desire for more money or better working conditions. A study of mcgregorazs theory x and theory y framework. Many theorists support that mcgregor s theory considers the field of management from a new angle, indicating a strong influential value. Purpose this study aims to explore whether mcgregor s theory xy assumptions are determinants of managers propensity for participative decision making pdm. Douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y shubhabrata bose iiswbm mbaday sec. Download the relationship between mcgregor s xy theory management. They were created by douglas mcgregor while he was working at the mit sloan school of management in the 1950s, and developed further in the 1960s. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has described. Douglas murray mcgregor 1906 1 october 1964 was a management professor at the mit sloan school of management and president of antioch college from 1948 to 1954.
Introduction douglas mcgregor 19061964 followed a mostly academic career lecturing at harvard university, massachusetts institute of technology mit and antioch college, becoming the first sloan fellows professor at mit. According to mcgregor 1960, the more pessimistic view of human naturetheory xwhich he claimed was the predominant perspective in the 1950s, was based on three assumptions. Theory y maintains that human beings are active rather than passive. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Mcgregor promoted theory y as the basis of good management practice, pioneering the argument that workers are not merely cogs in the company machinery, as theory xtype organizations seemed to believe. He is best known for his development of the theory x and theory y, a leadership theory on two different leadership styles. Theory z william ouchi first things first theory z is not a mcgregor idea and as such is not mcgregor s extension of his xy theory. This is similar to douglas mcgregors theory x style of management which views employees as being forced to work due to the lack of a work. Pdf theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Purpose this study aims to explore whether mcgregors theory xy assumptions are determinants of managers propensity for participative decision making pdm. Mcgregors theory x and theory y theory of motivation. Theory x assumptions believe that workers must be controlled and threatened with punishment allio, 2009.
Mcgregor s theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. We will consider three theorists who have each taken a di. Comparative analysis of theory x, theory y, theory z, and theory. The purpose of this paper is to trace douglas mcgregor s theory y thinking back from pre. My boss asks me politely to do things, gives me reasons why, and invites my suggestions. Mcgregors ideas suggest that there are two fundamental approaches to managing people. Mcgregor s work was rooted in motivation theory alongside the works of abraham maslow, who created the hierarchy of needs. Mcgregors theory x, y and ouchis z motivation self. Theory x and theory y team management training from. Theory x and theory y, given by mcgregor, are explained below with the main assumptions of each theory. Theory x and theory y type leadership behavior and its. Mcgregors theoryx and theoryy what is human resource. The human side of enterprise, mcgregor, 1957 and were expanded upon. The average man is by nature, lazy he works as little as possible.
Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. According to mcgregor, the perception of managers on the nature of. Herzbergs motivationhygiene theory two factor theory to better understand employee attitudes and motivation, frederick herzberg performed studies to determine which factors in an employees work environment caused satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Theory y assumes higherorder needs dominate individuals. Mcgregor felt that this traditional view is helpful neither to achieve the goals nor to motivate the employees to accomplish the goals. Douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y douglas mcgregor s theory x and theory y it was in 1957 that douglas mcgregor first proposed the concept of theory x and theory y in the human side of. Theory x managers assume that workers are lazy, will avoid responsibility, and prefer to just get by. Fortythree years ago, douglas mcgregor s the human side of enterprise offered managers a new assumption of management theory y, which would be more effective than what he considered thencurrent management assumptions theory x. The xy theory diagram and measurement tool below pdf and doc versions are adaptations of mcgregors ideas for modern organizations, management and work. Theory x management style generally get poor results compare with managers use theory y, which produces better performance and results, and allows people to grow and develop. Theory x and theory y in his 1960 book, the human side of enterprise, douglas mcgregor proposed two theories by which to view employee motivation. Mar 15, 2017 the relationship between mcgregor s xy theory management style and fulfillment of psychological contract. Features of mcgregors theory x and theory y of motivation. Pdf theory x and theory y published in the sage encyclopedia.
Mcgregor postulated 2 theories on human management and leadership which are theory x and theory y. Social psychologist mcgregor s theory x and theory yof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. Mcgregor 1960 famously argued that there are two types of managers. Toward a constructvalid measure article pdf available in journal of managerial issues 202. I developed them to help understanding and application of mcgregors xy theory concept. Theory z was developed by william ouchi, in his book 1981 theory z. How american business can meet the japanese challenge. How american management can meet the japanese challenge.
Mcgregor s theory x and theory y provide many ways to appreciate the unhelpful nature of x theory leadership, and the useful constructive beneficial nature of y theory leadership. Rather, he saw the two theories as two extremes with a whole spectrum of possible behaviours in between. Pdf douglas mcgregors landmark book, the human side of enterprise. Thinker 026 introduction douglas mcgregor 19061964 followed a mostly academic career lecturing at harvard university, massachusetts institute of technology mit and antioch college, becoming the first sloan fellows professor at mit. While mcgregors theory y model has been widely adopted in management literature as the preferred model, theory.
Theory x and theory y management applicationbusiness implications for workforce motivation. A second obstacle to testing mcgregors theory a paucity of validity evidence x and theory y has. Pdf leadership style and organizational performance have been. He published his findings in the 1959 book the motivation to work. Theory x and theory y were first explained by mcgregor in his book, the human side of enterprise, and they refer to two styles of management authoritarian theory x and participative theory y.
Douglas mcgregor has developed a theory of motivation of the basis of hypotheses relating to human behaviour. His 1960 book the human side of enterprise had a profound influence on education practices popo is a raafat of abraham maslow. Read this article to learn about mcgregors theory of x and theory y. Mcgregors theory x and theory y are theories about human behavior and motivation in the organization that was published in 1960 by douglas mcgregor. There are two alternative sets of assumptions which mcgregor has. Either theory x or theory y assumptions may be appropriate in a particular situation. Mcgregors xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Douglas mcgregors theory x and theory y shubhabrata bose iiswbm mbaday sec. Apr 07, 2017 douglas mcgregor s landmark book, the human side of enterprise, changed the path of management thinking and practice by questioning fundamental assumptions about human behavior in organizations. Theory xy is actively used in consulting practices which offer management training for organizations.
Introduction theory x and theory y are theories of human motivation created and developed by douglas mcgregor in the 1960s. Our work is empirically contributory by providing a constructvalid measure of theory xy managerial assumptions. He avoided descriptive labels and simply called the theories theory x and theory y. Mcgregor developed two theories of human behaviour at work. Motivation is a process that starts with a physiological or psychological need that.
In 1895, it was here that his grandfather, thomas mcgregor started his business and given its name as, mcgregor institute. Mcgregor argued that these assumptions fall into two broad categories theory x and theory y. The idea behind using letters x and y, perhaps seems to be using a. These two separate needs are the need to avoid unpleasantness and discomfort and. Mcgregor himself believed theory y assumptions were more valid. Douglas mcgregor has developed two sets of assumptions about human behaviour.
Social psychologist mcgregors theoryx and theoryyof mit expounded two contrasting theories on human motivation and management in the 1960s. He also taught at the indian institute of management calcutta. He gave me intellectual nourishment to design and implement a valuesbased, visiondriven philosophy of governance that was. Pdf application of mcgregors theory x and theory y. Mcgregor s xy theory is a natural rule for managing people. Managements action of motivating human beings in the organization, according to mcgregor, involves certain assumptions, generalizations and hypothesis relating to human behavior and human nature. Dec 10, 2018 douglas mcgregor 1906 1964 was a famous management professor in the field of personal development and motivational theory. Mcgregor had articulated what was etched within my moral nature, but i didnt have the words to express it.
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